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A remarkable rock discovered in Papua New Guinea has revealed an unexpected temperature pattern deep beneath Earth's surface, challenging scientists' understanding of how tectonic plates move into the planet's interior. An international research team led by Göttingen University found that the rock traveled more than 90 kilometers (56 miles) underground about four million years ago. Along the way, it experienced unusually high temperatures at shallower depths before entering conditions associated with a relatively cooler type of subduction.

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3625-04371,2,5 We’re sharing this article early to provide faster access to peer-reviewed, accepted research. It is citable and carries a permanent DOI. This version is subject to further edits and will be replaced automatically by the final Version of Record. All legal disclaimers apply.

We’re sharing this article early to provide faster access to peer-reviewed, accepted research. It is citable and carries a permanent DOI. This version is subject to further edits and will be replaced automatically by the final Version of Record. All legal disclaimers apply. AbstractOccupational heat exposure induces physiological strain and can impair cognitive performance, exacerbating occupational error and accident risks. Although numerous heat stress indices exist, their theoretical and practical suitability for cognitive-related assessments remains ambiguous. This study established a structured multicriteria decision-making framework integrating the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to prioritize candidate heat stress indices for occupational cognitive risk evaluation. Candidate indices and screening criteria identified via literature review and expert consensus (\(n=25\)) were evaluated using FDM, followed by FAHP with Chang’s extent analysis to derive criteria weights and overall index priorities. A one-at-a-time \(+10\%\) sensitivity analysis was performed to verify model stability.

We’re sharing this article early to provide faster access to peer-reviewed, accepted research. It is citable and carries a permanent DOI. This version is subject to further edits and will be replaced automatically by the final Version of Record. All legal disclaimers apply. AbstractTo address the problem of predicting insulator fouling risks at thermal power plants resulting from the combined effects of various source-side facilities and meteorological conditions, we propose the Causal-STHGN model. This spatiotemporal heterogeneous graph model integrates dynamic physical priors. This paper first constructs a semantic graph of power plant entities. Source-side facility nodes are mapped to insulator monitoring points as heterogeneous nodes. Then, by integrating spatial geometric relationships, wind field directionality, source-side state characteristics, and moisture condition modulation, the model calculates dynamic physical causal priors and edge-weight priors. Furthermore, it constrains spatial dependency learning through a prior-bias graph attention mechanism. A parallel temporal structure is employed to jointly model short-term disturbances and long-term evolutionary trends.

Ancient evidence from a warmer Arctic is challenging scientists’ predictions about the region’s future sea ice. Credit: Sarah DasClues from a warmer Arctic 6,000 years ago suggest the region could lose a million square kilometers more winter sea ice than scientists previously expected. The loss of Arctic sea ice has been linked to colder winters and heavier snowfall in the UK, the rest of northern Europe, and North America. The ice regulates how much heat and moisture the ocean releases into the atmosphere, so changes in its cover can influence weather far beyond the polar region. Climate models disagree most about how much ice will cover the Arctic in winter, making its future particularly difficult to predict. Using evidence from a warmer Arctic 6,000 years ago, researchers have now revised those projections downward by about one million square kilometers, or roughly 386,000 square miles. The findings, published in Nature Geoscience, come after the Arctic recorded its lowest maximum sea ice extent since modern measurements began in March 2025, a record tied again this year.