A mysterious galaxy defies science: astronomers stunned by its motionless core - Futura, le média qui explore le monde

Einstein's theory of relativity just got put to the test by the lightest binary neutron star system ever discovered.

6 min read1 hour ago--(Image credit: Greg Wyatt)A supernova remnant looks like a pomegranate, carrying the seeds of life in the form of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur (abbreviated as CHNOPS) inside. These elements make up roughly 98% of the mass of most living organisms and serve as the fundamental building blocks for all primary biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA). Carbon [C] is the backbone of life. Its unique ability to form four stable covalent bonds allows it to build complex, chain-like, and ring-shaped molecules. Hydrogen (H) is the most abundant element in the universe. It pairs with oxygen to form water (H2O) and creates hydrogen bonds, which give DNA its double-helix structure and stabilize protein shapes. Nitrogen (N) is a critical component of amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and nitrogenous bases (the core elements of DNA and RNA). Oxygen (O) is an essential building block in water and organic molecules. It is a crucial constituent in cellular respiration, the process by which many organisms generate energy.

Professor Guillaume Chomicki from our Department of Biosciences has been awarded a prestigious Philip Leverhulme Prize for his internationally recognised research in evolutionary biology. The prizes, awarded by the Leverhulme Trust, recognise outstanding researchers whose work has already gained international recognition and whose future careers show exceptional promise. Guillaume conducts world-leading research into how partnerships between species evolve, persist and break down. He is particularly interested in why different species - such as insects and plants - form partnerships and what causes these relationships to change or break down. Partnerships over millions of years Much of Guillaume's work focuses on the Hydnophytinae, a group of around 100 plants that grow on the branches of rainforest trees across Australasia. They form swollen, hollow stems divided into chambers where ant colonies live. In return, the ants feed the plant with their waste and with the debris they carry home. Some of these plants rely on a single specialist ant, others accept many kinds, and some have given up ants altogether.

We’re sharing this article early to provide faster access to peer-reviewed, accepted research. It is citable and carries a permanent DOI. This version is subject to further edits and will be replaced automatically by the final Version of Record. All legal disclaimers apply. AbstractSimulation-based controller comparisons can report a single winner even when score differences are too small to justify a unique engineering preference. We assessed preference reliability for five fixed controllers on a numerically verified nonlinear rotary inverted pendulum model using two independent Latin-hypercube realizations across matched ± 10%, ± 15%, and ± 20% uncertainty bands (30,000 closed-loop simulations). A four-metric score and a prespecified 5% practical margin quantified controller separation. Under the common uncertainty score, PID had the lowest controller robustness index in every band, but the four leading indices remained within 3.87%. In the pooled ± 15% domain, all ten paired comparisons were detectable after Holm correction, yet 69.40% of 2,000 scenario blocks lacked a unique practical preference.