Saturn's frozen moon could host alien life, say scientists - BBC Sky at Night Magazine

We’re sharing this article early to provide faster access to peer-reviewed, accepted research. It is citable and carries a permanent DOI. This version is subject to further edits and will be replaced automatically by the final Version of Record. All legal disclaimers apply. AbstractUnderstanding the mechanical behavior of frozen unsaturated sand under thermal gradients is crucial for the design and maintenance of infrastructure in permafrost regions. In this study the shear strength of Ottawa sand under varying temperatures, degrees of saturation, and loading conditions is investigated. A series of laboratory experiments were performed to measure the shear strength of Ottawa sand using direct simple shear equipment placed in a temperature controlled environmental chamber. During the experiments, soil temperatures and stress–strain curves were recorded, and they were analyzed to determine the strength behavior. Results show that shear strength increases with decreasing temperature, increasing ice content, strain rate, and normal stress.

We’re sharing this article early to provide faster access to peer-reviewed, accepted research. It is citable and carries a permanent DOI. This version is subject to further edits and will be replaced automatically by the final Version of Record. All legal disclaimers apply. AbstractUnderstanding the mechanical behavior of frozen unsaturated sand under thermal gradients is crucial for the design and maintenance of infrastructure in permafrost regions. In this study the shear strength of Ottawa sand under varying temperatures, degrees of saturation, and loading conditions is investigated. A series of laboratory experiments were performed to measure the shear strength of Ottawa sand using direct simple shear equipment placed in a temperature controlled environmental chamber. During the experiments, soil temperatures and stress–strain curves were recorded, and they were analyzed to determine the strength behavior. Results show that shear strength increases with decreasing temperature, increasing ice content, strain rate, and normal stress.